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The Emirate of Gwandu (), sometimes referred to as the Gwandu Caliphate or simply Gwandu, was one of the two political centers of the . Established in 1805 during the Sokoto jihad, it served as the administrative base for the caliphate's western and southern territories, while the eastern and northern domains were governed from Sokoto. This arrangement has led some scholars to describe the Caliphate as a 'dual empire'. Although the emirs of Gwandu were subordinate to the caliph, they were traditionally autonomous. The territory under Gwandu extended as far west as Dori (in present-day ) and south beyond .

(2021). 9780197532768 .

Throughout the 19th century, Gwandu was engaged in a series of protracted military conflicts with Kebbi and its successor state . Remembered as the , these conflict shaped much of its political and military history. Following the British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1903, Gwandu became part of the Sokoto Province under colonial indirect rule.

In independent , the emirate lost its political sovereignty but has remained an important traditional authority. Today it is the largest emirate in , covering ten local government areas, including the state capital . Its emir remains an important Muslim traditional leader in Nigeria, only behind the Sultan of Sokoto and the Shehu of Borno.

History
Sokoto jihad and establishment
Following the fall of the capital of the , , to the Sokoto jihadists in 1805, they moved to the Kebbi town of as their main base. At the time, it was a small, unfortified settlement established by the 16th-century Kebbi founder and used as a royal farm ( gandu) by his successors. The settlement was surrounded by rich, fertile lands, which attracted pastoralists who found the area suitable for grazing. Its location in a valley with surrounding ridges made it a defensible stronghold against attacks.

Soon after their move to Gwandu in late 1805, the jihadists were attacked by a combined alliance led by and Kebbi, including the ousted Sarkin Kebbi . The two armies met at Alwassa, which ended in a disastrous defeat for the jihadists, who narrowly retreated to the naturally protected Gwandu, where they mounted a desperate defense over the course of five days, ultimately defeating and routing the alliance forces. Shortly after the Alwassa–Gwandu campaign, jihadist commander built walls around the town for better defense. After Usman dan Fodio's jihad ended in 1808 with the fall of the Gobir capital , he moved with most of his followers to , leaving his brother and wazir Abdullahi to continue the fighting westward. Abdullahi expanded into , occupying the provinces of Dandi, Kamba, and , thereby extending the newly established 's reach to the in the southwest. By 1812, Amir al-Mu’'minin ('Commander of the faithful') Usman had divided authority in the Caliphate among his top commanders. The eastern emirates fell under Muhammad Bello in Sokoto, the western territories under Abdullahi in Gwandu, the north under , and the south was divided between Muhammad Bukhari and Abd al-Salam. At the time of the division, the western territories included the Niger valley down to and extended as far west as Dendi. They later expanded to include in the south and in the west. It is possible that Abdullahi expected to extend farther west to include Masina, but a separate caliphate was later declared there under .

So that he would be close to Usman, Abdullahi supervised the territories from , a small settlement near Sifawa. After Usman's death in 1817, Abdullahi rode to Sokoto expecting to organise the funeral and oversee the election of a new Amir al-Mu'minin, possibly himself. However, on his arrival he found the gates closed and was turned back. Abdullahi had long been disillusioned with the way the jihad was carried out, believing the focus had shifted from religious reform to material pursuits. Hence, he became increasingly isolated from the other Sokoto leaders, including his brother Usman and nephew Bello. This episode further strained Abdullahi's relations with Sokoto, and he refused to recognise the newly appointed Caliph Bello as Amir al-Mu'minin.

Consolidation
Not long after Usman's death, a wave of revolts erupted in the Caliphate. The Kebbawa under Muhammad Hodi were never subdued and continued their resistance against Gwandu and Sokoto. The most significant, however, was that of Abd al-Salam, an important scholar who had been one of the leading commanders in the jihad but renounced his allegiance after he felt cheated by the division of fiefs. He was defeated by Caliph Bello in 1818 and his revolt quashed, but some of his followers gathered at the town of , located about three miles southeast of Gwandu. They eventually rebelled and held out for several years against a Gwandu siege until around 1821, when a combined army led by Bello succeeded in quelling the rebellion.

With the victory secured, the two leaders were said to have reconciled, with Abdullahi officially recognising Bello as Amir al-Mu'minin, and Bello in turn recognising Abdullahi as Emir of Gwandu.

(2025). 9781847012708, Boydell & Brewer. .
Henceforth, Sokoto and Gwandu became the twin capitals of the Caliphate, with Sokoto serving as the metropolitan center for the eastern territories and Gwandu for the west.

At Gwandu, Abdullahi built a community of scholars, poets, and who composed and memorised works of scholarship. In this way, under Abdullahi and his successors, the western territories emphasised scholarship rather than the politics that characterised Sokoto in the east. From 1817, Abdullahi left most of the military campaigning and administration to his son , who based himself at Birnin Kebbi. When Nupe and Ilorin came under Gwandu's authority, his nephew Muhammad Bukhari, also a noted poet, was responsible for their management. Historian suggests this possibly made Gwandu "a kind of 'alternative' polity, deliberately distant from the post-jihad marketplace."

When Abdullahi died in 1829, he was succeeded by his eldest son Muhammad Wani. During his reign, the Kebbawa rebels remained a persistent threat. From their center at , and under the leadership of Sarkin Kebbi , they waged armed resistance against Sokoto and Gwandu with support from the Zabermawa and Arewa. In 1831, a combined Sokoto–Gwandu force besieged , and its inhabitants eventually capitulated, expelling Karari and his followers. Karari was pursued and killed shortly afterward. He was said to have been found by Gwandu forces seated on his shield in the posture of prayer. His son escaped capture but later surrendered, and was banished to Sokoto where he lived under the Caliph's supervision. Karari's death effectively suspended the Kebbawa-led resistance movement against the Caliphate.

Period of 'peace'
Wani was succeeded by his younger brother in 1833. He reigned for a quarter of a century, much of it involving a series of military expeditions. He first set out to end the threat posed by to the southwest, whose forces had attacked , an important town famed for its horses. The battle was a disaster for the Gwandu forces, who were led by Muhammad Sambo, but they eventually regrouped and succeeded in driving the Borgawa out of Kaoje. Among those killed was Abdullahi's youngest son, Isiaku.

Around 1836, a combined Borgu– force invaded , which had been in conflict with the Oyo Empire since its establishment earlier in the century. The Emir of Ilorin, , appealed to Gwandu for reinforcements against the alliance. Consequently, a combined Sokoto and Gwandu force, led by Muhammad Bukhari and Sambo respectively, was sent to defend the city. The attackers nearly routed the Caliphate's forces, but after the death of the leading Borgu commander Sero Kpera, morale collapsed. Ilorin was able to repulse the attack and successfully defended its capital. In 1841, Emir of was chased out of his capital by his brother , who rebelled alongside some princes from the old . Upon receiving the news, Khalilu rode to Rabba to resolve the crisis. Following discussions, Emir Khalilu appointed Masaba as emir, removed Zaki, and returned with him to Gwandu. Two years later, Masaba himself was forced from his capital by one of his commanders, , who usurped the throne. It took until 1856 for Gwandu to overthrow Bahaushe. Khalilu then reinstated Usman Zaki as emir shortly afterward.

Sarkin Kebbi Karari's death had ended military confrontations between the Kebbawa and Gwandu. This period of relative peace, lasting between 1831 and 1849, improved Gwandu's economic position through the tributes it exacted from the Kebbawa. However, hostilities eventually returned after the Kebbawa accused Gwandu authorities, particularly certain princes and agents, of abuses and excesses. These officials extracted unofficial tribute, often sporadically, seizing grain and animals and, at times, enslaving children and citizens. The failure of Gwandu authorities to curb these abuses contributed to deep resentment among the Kebbawa.

Meanwhile, the Ba-Kebbi prince , during his exile in Sokoto, became a noted commander in the Caliphate army and was eventually granted his freedom by Caliph Aliyu Babba. In 1849, however, he renounced his allegiance to the Caliphate and adopted the title of Sarkin Kebbi. Centered at , he led a powerful resistance movement consisting mainly of Kebbawa, the Arewa, and Zabermawa against the Caliphate.

Kebbi Wars
Around the same time, Khalilu seems to have withdrawn from military and adminsitrative matters. When German explorer visited Gwandu in 1853, he found Khalilu "a man without energy," who "lived in a state of the greatest seclusion, well fitted for a monk but by no means suited to the ruler of a vast empire." Khalilu died in 1858 and was succeeded by his brother Haliru. The new emir immediately set out to respond to the Argungu revolt. His first campaign was successful, but was killed on his second at Tilli in 1860. He was succeeded by his brother Aliyu, who moved the capital to some months after his appointment. This move allowed Aliyu to better protect the towns situated on the south bank of the , which were vulnerable to Kebbawa attack. Throughout his reign, Aliyu fought with the Kebbawa until his death in 1864.

, another of Abdullahi's sons, succeeded as emir. To end hostilities with the Kebbawa, he agreed to a in 1868. The treaty, negotiated by Caliph , is remembered as Lafiyar Toga ("the peace of Toga"), after the Argungu ruler Sarkin Kebbi . While on his way to Bida, Abdulkadiri died in 1868. He was succeeded by , a son of Emir Muhammad Wani.

In 1873, the inhabitants of the Kebbi town of Fanna sent a deputation to al-Mustafa, requesting to join his emirate, which he accepted. This was viewed by Argungu as a breach of the Lafiyar Toga treaty. Acting on orders from Argungu, the chief of Fanna reportedly seized as many as ten thousand cattle from the local Fulani in his district and Giru. Al-Mustafa then marched on Giru but was unable to capture it. He called on reinforcements from Bida but died before they arrived. His successor Hanafi attacked Giru with the Nupe army's support. In response, Abdullahi Toga attacked Ambursa during the emir's absence. Led by Sarkin Abdulkadiri, the Gwandu capital was successfully defended and the Kebbawa were driven off. Hanafi eventually captured Giru after a four-month siege. The Giru War ended the eight-year Lafiyar Toga treaty, with hostilities continuing until the end of the century, when troops occupied the emirate. On Hanafi's death in 1876, he was succeeded by Maliki. A year into his reign, the Kebbawa again attacked Ambursa and captured thirty guns. After this, Maliki moved the capital back to Gwandu. In 1885, the Royal Niger Company (RNC) signed a treaty with Gwandu. Maliki was succeeded by in 1888. During Bakatara's reign, he was visited in Gwandu by British officials George Goldie and William Wallace, who brought gifts from the RNC. Two of his chiefs, Haliru of Kalgo and Haliru of Raka, led several expeditions against the Kebbawa, "with varying degrees of success."

From 1887 to 1891, Gwandu suffered a catastrophic , remembered simply as sannu,

(1970). 9780198231646, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. .
from the expression of condolence. According to modern accounts, the majority of the bovine population was wiped out, forcing Fulani pastoralists to turn to farming. Today, the area has relatively low numbers of pastoral Fulani, partly because of the epidemic. A likely cause of the epidemic's severity was the widespread insecurity of the Kebbi wars, which restricted cattle movement. Their confinement within villages left them emaciated and vulnerable.

Modern history
British occupation
Umaru Bakatara was succeeded by Abdullahi Bayero, who reigned for only a year before his death. He was followed by , another grandson of Abdullahi dan Fodio. When British troops invaded the emirate in 1903, Gwandu offered no physical resistance.
(2016). 9782359260489, Amalion Publishing. .

There are a variety of possible explanations for Gwandu's non-resistance, including its relations with Argungu, the manner in which the British subdued other emirates, and Gwandu's prior experience of British aggression before the final invasion. The nearly century-long Kebbi wars had ravaged the region and greatly weakened Gwandu, especially during the reign of Sarkin Kebbi (1883–1915), whose skill in guerrilla warfare was so effective that he was said to have captured more than ninety towns and villages. Both Gwandu and Argungu were so preoccupied with the wars that they paid little attention to the growing British threat until it was too late. Even by 1898, the rulers of Argungu "were inclined" to view the Europeans as allies against their common enemies, Gwandu and Sokoto.

In the late 19th century, Gwandu had maintained diplomatic relations with the British through the RNC. It also had a history of military confrontations with them, especially after 1897, when they first invaded the southern emirates of Bida and Ilorin. Consequently, Gwandu and Sokoto stopped accepting the yearly that the RNC had been paying since 1885. Soon after the attack on Bida, the French established military posts at Bussa, , Botu, Karimama, , and Gwamba. In response, the RNC reconciled with Gwandu and Sokoto, allying with them against the French. The French threat was neutralised in 1898 with the killing of Marius-Gabriel Cazemajou, the leader of the French expedition in the region.

With France no longer a serious danger, Gwandu and Sokoto again turned their attention to the British. Under the pretext of protecting the Caliphate, the RNC attempted to station a garrison at the important Gwandu town of Jega, but was "forcefully rebuffed" by Sokoto. However, they were able to establish garrisons in Borgu and , an independent kingdom with treaty relations with Gwandu. The establishment of these garrisons, and the British message to the Caliph at Sokoto declaring that refusal to host a Jega garrison was an act of enmity, permanently ruptured relations between the RNC and Gwandu. Later in 1898, the RNC established another post at Illo, but it was soon abandoned after its inhabitants killed two British officers and the mercenaries manning the garrison.

When Frederick Lugard issued his "Protectorate Proclamation," establishing the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900, he sent an Arabic translation to Emir Bayero Aliyu. When Lugard's messenger brought the proclamation to Gwandu, he was told there was no need to reply after Lugard had seized some of Gwandu's territory. Between 1900 and September 1901, the British protectorate had occupied the emirates of Bida, Kontagora, , Muri, , , , and , deposing their rulers. In the immediate hinterland of Gwandu town, the British, stationed at Illo, attacked and burned the towns of Raha and Kalgo in March 1901. Throughout, Emir Bayero Aliyu took no punitive measures against the British post at Illo. When they planned a second attack on Kalgo, its chief, Haliru, invited the post's commander to pay a friendly visit, and warmly received him.

Another likely reason for Gwandu's non-resistance was that its ruler, Bayero Aliyu, was already an old and sick man "occupied with winning paradise in the next world." Lugard's repeated assurances to the Caliphate's emirs that he would retain the ruling dynasties and allow them to continue their religious duties with little or no change also contributed to Gwandu's decision to accept British rule. On their way to Sokoto, the British occupied Gwandu, which capitulated on 12 March 1903, a few months before the final fall of the Caliphate at Burmi in July 1903.

Early years of colonial Indirect rule
Emir Bayero Aliyu died soon after the British occupation. Dan Galadima was immediately installed as emir on 18 May 1903, supervised by the colonial Resident of the newly established Sokoto Province, . The province comprised Sokoto, Gwandu, and Argungu emirates. Soon after his appointment, he fell out with the British after naming his own Dan Galadima without Resident Burdon's "sanction". Relations worsened as "he continued to behave like the traditional Emir of the pre-British era," frustrating the Residents. He later became openly hostile to the administration, described as "a hopeless case; old and intelligent, under the influence of evil councillors." By October 1905, British officials in the province had recommended his deposition to High Commissioner Lugard. on his right, together with the Sultan of Sokoto and the at the London Zoo (1934)]]When Emir Muhammad was deposed in early 1906, immediately after the , the British had already prepared for months. When the revolt broke out in February, the rebels contacted him, and he apparently promised cooperation if the Sultan supported them.
(1971). 9780391001695, New Humanities Press. .
However, Sultan Attahiru II helped to crush the rebellion, while Muhammad contributed some of his troops. After Satiru was destroyed on 10 March, the British marched to Gwandu to depose the emir as earlier planned. On reaching the town, the British troops took and summoned the emir to come out of his compound. Acting Resident Goldsmith argued that this show of force was necessary, as the emir was likely to resist violently, stating that Muhammad "had made public to his followers that he was an old man now and valued his life of little account and his one ambition before he died was to kill a white man." After his deposition, Muhammad had to be forcibly placed on his horse when he refused to be taken to the protectorate's capital, , declaring that "he would rather die." His arrest appeared unpopular in Gwandu, with Goldsmith remarking that he "thought at one time that the men of the town would be encouraged on by the women to attempt his rescue." However, this never came, and Muhammad was banished to Zungeru without major interference. On 21 March, a day after Muhammad's arrest, the British appointed , chief of Kalgo, as emir. His appointment undermined Gwandu's succession tradition. Previously, the Dan Galadima had always succeeded the emir. Nor was Haliru eligible, as neither his father nor grandfather had ever reigned. His installation was so unpopular that the British moved the capital from Gwandu to . There were no violent protests, largely due to fear of reprisals after the aggressive British repression of the Satiru rebels.

Haliru died on 21 March 1915. On 16 April, his son Basharu was appointed to succeed him. This again undermined succession tradition of the automatic appointment of the Dan Galadima, then Haliru of Raha, son of Umar Bakatara. Immediately after the announcement, the chief of Birnin Kebbi protested to the District Officer, arguing it would be "impossible to work under Basharu." The next day, the Dan Galadima himself complained, offering to resign and "retire into private life."

In the morning of 19 April, a violent protest broke out in Birnin Kebbi against Basharu's appointment, led by the Magajin Gari of Gwandu, Bukhari na Malam. According to official records, the crowd numbered over 1,000 but was likely much larger. They blocked the road to the residency to prevent Basharu's installation. The crowd dispersed only after the District Officer threatened to call in the stationed British garrison to "deal ruthlessly with them." Despite this, the installation problem remained. The District Officer, Liddard, appealed to various officials to accept Basharu, including the Magajin Gari, Ubandoma, Mayaki, Dan Uwa, Bagudu, and the Magajin Gari's brothers. He also met with Dan Galadima Haliru, "virtually begging" him to accept the appointment. The crisis was resolved only on 28 April, when Resident E J Arnett held a peace meeting with Haliru and Basharu. The new emir was installed the next day. With Emir Basharu successfully installed, the British took steps to avoid future crises. In 1916, a year after, they deposed Magajin Gari Bukhari, alleging he was obstructing Basharu's administration. When Dan Galadima Haliru died in 1918, the title was abolished. On Basharu's death later that year, his brother Usman was appointed by Resident Arnett, despite opposition from the kingmakers. Apart from a unrest in Besse in 1923, Usman's reign was largely uneventful.

Zamanin Siyasa and Nigerian First Republic
On Usman's death in 1938, he was succeeded by his brother, . Yahaya gained a reputation for his piety and reformist zeal and is remembered for his "wisdom, selfless devotion and unlimited integrity". As Emir, he became an advocate for reform, fighting official corruption and pressing for measures such as the 1953 Customary Presents Order to regulate the conduct of Native Authority officials.
(1970). 9780691030791, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. .
(2025). 9780521546850, Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press. .
He was also active in convincing other emirs to accept the appointment of ministers in . Remembered as one of the "progressive emirs" of the period, his reputation for adalci (righteousness) had earned some fame beyond Northern Nigeria. He was during his reign, becoming Sir Yahaya.

Yahaya was succeeded by , a son of Emir Basharu, in 1954. His reign coincided with the zamanin siyasa ("era of politics") of the 1950s, when the colonial administration experienced widespread reforms and increased democratisation, mostly due to pressure from western-educated elites. Under these reforms, emirs no longer monopolised Native Authority administration but were integrated into new regional structures. Legislative and representative institutions were introduced at both regional and local levels, which reduced power of the Emir and his officials, whose decisions increasingly had to coexist with elected representatives in local government councils.

(1985). 9780195758658, Ibadan : University Press and Kadana State Council for Arts and Culture. .
In 1958, Emir Haruna became President of the Northern Regional House of Chiefs, the upper chamber under the region's new bi-cameral system. , another member of the Gwandu ruling house, was elected Speaker of the regional lower chamber, the House of Assembly in 1959. Both held their positions until the military coup of January 1966.

Military governments and return to democracy
With the end of Nigeria's First Republic in 1966 and the ushering in of military governments, further reforms to the emirate system followed. In 1967, military head of state restructured the country into federal units, with the Gwandu Emirate falling under the newly created North-Western State. The 1976 Local Government Reforms marked the most decisive break with the colonial-era system. Native Authorities were abolished, replaced with elected local governments with defined boundaries, budgets, and responsibilities. Emirs were excluded from direct administrative functions and confined to advisory roles within newly constituted councils of chiefs. Though the Gwandu Emirate was stripped of formal political power, it remained influential in cultural and religious matters and continued to serve as an intermediary between communities and state authorities.

After over forty-years as Emir, Haruna died in July 1995, and was succeeded by his son . At that time, Jokolo had retired after a lengthy career in the , at one time serving as to Shehu Yar'Adua in the 1970s

(2025). 9780875867083, New York : Algora Pub.. .
and during his military dictatorship in the 1980s. In June 2005, Emir Jokolo confronted President Olusegun Obasanjo and accused him of unfairly marginalising Muslims. The president's office then reportedly called Kebbi State Governor, , and insisted on the emir's deposition. By mid June, Jokolo was deposed, replaced by his cousin Muhammad Ilyasu-Bashar.
(2025). 9780815797876, Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution Press. .
At the time of his appointment, Ilyasu-Bashar was a retired general who twice served as military governor of the defunct .

Territory
With Usman dan Fodio's division of authority in 1812, Gwandu, under Abdullahi, was responsible for supervising the western and southern quarters of the . At its height, the polity extended as far as Dori (now in ) and south beyond in . At the turn of the 20th century, the territories under Gwandu were apportioned between , and , with much of it falling under French West Africa. Under British colonial rule, the emirate was incorporated into the Sokoto Province, alongside Sokoto and Argungu emirates.

When was created in 1991 out of , the Gwandu Emirate became the state's largest traditional state. Of Kebbi's 21 Local Government Areas (LGA), ten fall under the Gwandu Emirate followed by and 's four each, and 's three. The ten LGAs under Gwandu are namely: , , , , Jega, , , Suru, and Koko-Besse.

Government
Much of Gwandu's statecraft was shaped by Abdullahi's vision of an ideal Islamic state. He admired the early orthodox caliphs, when knowledge and piety were prioritised in official appointments. Concerning succession, Abdullahi's preference for age and seniority became the norm in Gwandu, unlike in Sokoto where younger brothers could also compete. By appointing as the effective administrator of Gwandu, he ensured his eldest son would be the undisputed successor. This practice continued under subsequent emirs, who generally designated the most senior eligible prince as Dan Galadima (the heir apparent). The title, of origin, had earlier been used in 18th-century Kebbi. In Gwandu, the Dan Galadima was also responsible for leading the army in battle, even when the emir himself was present.

The appointment of an Emir of Gwandu was not official until it was confirmed by the Caliph. The Caliph either visited Gwandu or sent a representative with a letter of appointment and a set of insignia of office, which included a riga (robe), al-kibba (cloak), and rawani (turban). However, this confirmation was largely ceremonial due to Gwandu's succession rules. Since the Dan Galadima automatically succeeded, whoever appointed the Dan Galadima effectively appointed the emir. This system allowed Gwandu to prevent Sokoto's interference in its internal affairs.Another possible reason for this succession tradition was the need for stable leadership in the face of the Kebbawa danger.

Gwandu had relatively few titled officials, with administrative decisions made by a "council of elders". This council may have resembled the Batu mawdo (great council) of in Hamdullahi, which was composed mostly of legal scholars and clan leaders. Discussions and appointments were conducted in a secluded inner council. The exact composition of the council is uncertain, but those most often mentioned as electors included the Magajin Gari, Sarkin Dendi, Zogirma, Sarkin , and the . Over time, other leaders of powerful groups were added, such as the Sarkin Kebbi of Jega, who maintained an important cavalry contingent within the Gwandu army. The rulers of Jega were descendants of the jihadist leader and later rebel Abd al-Salam. After Abd al-Salam's death, Abdullahi his son to establish the town. By the late 19th century, Jega had become a major market centre, which made its rulers wealthy and strong.

List of Emirs of Gwandu
Although the was considered a 'dual empire', with Sokoto and Gwandu serving a co-capitals, the Gwandu rulers were simply addressed as emirs. The Arabic title used in official correspondence was Amir al-gharb ('Emir of the West') and the title used with foreign states was Amir aqalim al-gharb al-falatiyya wa'l-sudaniyya.
+ ! scope=col width="2%"No. ! scope=col width="5%"Portrait ! scope=col width="20%"Name ! scope=col width="25%"Reign ! scope=col width="40%"Notes ! scope=col width="8%"Seat
1! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" Abdullahi dan Fodio 1812 – 8 July 1829
(1812–1817)

(1817–1829)
2! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" 1829 – 1833 Gwandu
3! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Ibrahim Khalilu 1833 – 1858
4! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Haliru 1858 – 1860
5! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Aliyu 1860 – 1864 Ambursa
6! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Abdulkadiri 1864 – 1868
7! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Al-Mustafa 1868 – 1875
8! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Hanafi 1875 – 1876
9! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Maliki 1876 – 1888 Gwandu
10! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Umaru Bakatara 1888 – 1897
11! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Abdullahi Bayero 1897 – 1898
12! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Bayero Aliyu 1898 – March 1903
Native Authority under British colonial rule (1903–1960)
12! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Bayero Aliyu March 1903 – May 1903 Gwandu
13! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Muhammadu Aliyu 8 May 1903 – 20 March 1906
14! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Haliru II 21 March 1906 – 21 March 1915
15! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Muhammadu Basharu 16 April 1915 – 1918
16! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Usman 1918 – 1938
17! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Yahaya 1918 – January 1954
18! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Haruna Rasheed January 1954 – 1 October 1960
Native Authority under Independent Nigeria (1960–1966)
18! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Haruna Rasheed 1 October 1960 – January 1966 Birnin Kebbi
Non-sovereign from military era to Nigerian Fourth Republic (1966–present)
18! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Haruna Rasheed January 1966 – August 1995 Birnin Kebbi
19! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Mustapha Jokolo July 1995 – 3 June 2005
20! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA"Muhammad Ilyasu-Bashar 5 June 2005 – present

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